Gilgameshs Lesson in Humility in Fosters The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay

Gilgamesh was destined to perfection from birth. He was created as a divine mortal, two thirds divine and one third human (5). He was a man destined to live a lavish life with all the riches a man could ever want. Unfortunately his arrogance and superior strength got in the way (Foster5). Gilgamesh was created by the gods to be perfect in every regard. But what the gods couldn't prepare him for was life and human emotions, instinct etc. Gilgamesh built a wall that protected Uruk, his home (3). He was destined to live a life like a god among his people. Gods played tug a war for the lack of better words with Gilgamesh's life. They controlled every aspect. This is where all Gilgamesh journey's began and where they would all bring him back to in the end. Ninsun Gilgamesh's mother prayed to Shamash, god of the sun asking him to protect Gilgamesh because he gave Gilgamesh a restless heart (24). Gilgamesh from birth was to play out the gods will and in doing so was always on one quest or another. First he built the wall for Ishtar, then befriended Enkidu to make peace in Uruk because t...

Indigenous Art, Music and Dance Essay

Imaginative, artistic, captivating and breathe taking are a few words to describe the true beauty of Indigenous Australian art, music and dance. These three aspects of the Indigenous culture are also part of the Torres Strait Island culture who â€Å"together make up 2. 4% of the Australian population† (Macklin, 2004). These people express their personal experiences and the Indigenous Australian history through art work, dance and song. For example, an art piece may be about the creation of the land. Music can interpret the sounds of the animals or the hunters and the dance be interpreted to the stealing of their children through the stolen generation period. Examine: Art: Art is an important part of the Indigenous culture as it has been passed on for generations. It is an important part of the culture because its emphasised on certain aspects on their history. For example, the dot paintings have been part of the Indigenous Australians paintings history for thousands of years (Atkinson, 2008). Also, we must take into consideration that Indigenous Australian â€Å"art is the oldest ongoing tradition of art in the world†(Clarity Communications, 2007). Thus making their art a treausred part of Autsralian culture. Other paintings that we see are rock carvings, body painting when the Indigenous people would have a ceremonies. All these art forms date back more than 30,000years (Clarity Communications, 2007). The art work today is produced in a different variety but each piece of art work still shows the importance, diversity and richness of the Indigenous culture. Different art works can tell different stories. These stories could be about the stolen generation, the hunting, the land dying, the white people settling, the death of and elder or a close relative and the journey through an elders eyes. Elders used dot paintings and other paintings such as mimi art which is an art about animals, humans and are normally stick figures have no flesh. There is also x-ray art, a traditional style of art that is shown through the fragile bone and showing the flesh inside the body. Rock art is another type of Indigenous art as it one of the most common styles (Banakeem, 2012). It is done by carving the painting or â€Å"figures† into the rock or wall. Body art is also a form of Indigenous art as â€Å"body painting is passed out within strict conventions that are primarily connected to spiritual matters†(Banakeem, 2012). This piece of art work dates back to the early 20thCenturary and we can analyse what this picture could mean by viewing the following keys; Below are the keys; Meeting place Tavel Message Communities Man Woman We are looking st these key features because in groups of 3 or 4, you are to draw a piece of indigenous art using the keys on the PowerPoint. Remeber e h symbol you ise must create a story. You are to tell a story. As you can see, the making of the art can be fun but its never an easy task. As we have supplied you with the materials, the art was gathered from clay or orches. In saying this, we can still enjoy the rich culture of our paintings, the Indigenous paintings. Dance: Dance was formed by the earliest Indigenous Australians and has been past down from many generations (Smitz, 2005). Dance is important to us now as we can look at different ways to move, tell a story and be told a story. The movements vary compared to the movements we see in ballet, jazz or hip hop. The movements aren’t necessarily the jumping around and crawling on the floor- they include their instruments as well. This gathers in the: Hollow log drum Sticks Slap sticks Skin drum These styles of movement include some of the musical instruments such as the the slap sticks, which are boomerangs being hit together, skin drums which is using your own body to make a sound, hollow log drums which are a drummed shaped and sticks which are used to hit against the body or can be used to hit against a hard object, for example, a tree or a rock (Smitz, 2005). To incorporate these instruments into the dance was to add another beat so then the â€Å"imitated bird or animals, could be shared† (Chee, 2012). It is known that â€Å"songs and dance were exchanged often at large ceremonial gatherings† (Atkinson, 2008). Often, the indigenous culture would perform to a higher standard to please the guest tribe or to please the elders or spirits (Atkinson, 2008). Throughout these dancers, the elders would come together and analyse the performance and judge this event either themselves, by a spirit or by the tribes. These tribes would be respectful in the decision and teach the â€Å"winning† tribe the dance that they had won or traded. Music: Music is an important aspect of the Indigenous culture as they use it as inspiration for a painting, the background noise for a tribal chant and for ceremonial reasons. The music that is most commonly heard is the didgeridoo. Th didgeridoo creates a sound when you use your mouth, lips, nose and cheeks. Smitz (2005) states that the didgeridoo is a musical instrument used for the conducting of ceremonies, â€Å"however,the didgeridoo is played by a man and it women at ceremonies† (Smitz, 2005). This means that at ceremonies, the didgeridoo should only be played by men and not women. However, music was to be listened, and play by men, women and children. It was used to create tribe chants, musical backgrounds for a story Music was also used by both men’s and women to create a tribe chants, musical backgrounds for elder stories and for religious purposes. The music brings an important part of the culture to a tip. The didgeridoo is the main component to completing the music for any Indigenous piece of music. When ceremonies occur, there is tradintionally one song and two piece of music because the tribes need to appreciate the elder or elders. The song is the next step bringing the tribe or tribes together through the tribes ceremonial song or chant. This is normally done towards the start of the ceremonies (Atkinson, 2008). Summarise: To summarise, art, music and danced are important aspects of the indigenous culture. The art that is created by the Indgienous Australians tells a story. These stories are about the last, present and future. The Conflicting modification on 13 March 2013 7:16:41 AM: Describe: Imaginative, artistic, captivating and breathe taking are a few words to describe the true beauty of Indigenous Australian art, music and dance. These three aspects of the Indigenous culture are also part of the Torres Strait Island culture who â€Å"together make up 2. 4% of the Australian population† (Macklin, 2004). These people express their personal experiences and the Indigenous Australian history through art work, dance and song. For example, an art piece may be about the creation of the land. Music can interpret the sounds of the animals or the hunters and the dance be interpreted to the stealing of their children through the stolen generation period. Examine: Art: Art is an important part of the Indigenous culture as it has been passed on for generations. It is an important part of the culture because its emphasised on certain aspects on their history. For example, the dot paintings have been part of the Indigenous Australians paintings history for thousands of years (Atkinson, 2008). Also, we must take into consideration that Indigenous Australian â€Å"art is the oldest ongoing tradition of art in the world†(Clarity Communications, 2007). Thus making their art a treausred part of Autsralian culture. Other paintings that we see are rock carvings, body painting when the Indigenous people would have a ceremonies. All these art forms date back more than 30,000years (Clarity Communications, 2007). The art work today is produced in a different variety but each piece of art work still shows the importance, diversity and richness of the Indigenous culture. Different art works can tell different stories. These stories could be about the stolen generation, the hunting, the land dying, the white people settling, the death of and elder or a close relative and the journey through an elders eyes. Elders used dot paintings and other paintings such as mimi art which is an art about animals, humans and are normally stick figures have no flesh. There is also x-ray art, a traditional style of art that is shown through the fragile bone and showing the flesh inside the body. Rock art is another type of Indigenous art as it one of the most common styles (Banakeem, 2012). It is done by carving the painting or â€Å"figures† into the rock or wall. Body art is also a form of Indigenous art as â€Å"body painting is passed out within strict conventions that are primarily connected to spiritual matters†(Banakeem, 2012). This piece of art work dates back to the early 20thCenturary and we can analyse what this picture could mean by viewing the following keys; Below are the keys; Meeting place Tavel Message Communities Man Woman We are looking st these key features because in groups of 3 or 4, you are to draw a piece of indigenous art using the keys on the PowerPoint. Remeber e h symbol you ise must create a story. You are to tell a story. As you can see, the making of the art can be fun but its never an easy task. As we have supplied you with the materials, the art was gathered from clay or orches. In saying this, we can still enjoy the rich culture of our paintings, the Indigenous paintings. Dance: Dance was formed by the earliest Indigenous Australians and has been past down from many generations (Smitz, 2005). Dance is important to us now as we can look at different ways to move, tell a story and be told a story. The movements vary compared to the movements we see in ballet, jazz or hip hop. The movements aren’t necessarily the jumping around and crawling on the floor- they include their instruments as well. This gathers in the, skin drum, hollow log drum, slap sticks and sticks. These styles of movement include some of the musical instruments such as the the slap sticks, which are boomerangs being hit together, skin drums which is using your own body to make a sound, hollow log drums which are a drummed shaped and sticks which are used to hit against the body or can be used to hit against a hard object, for example, a tree or a rock (Smitz, 2005). To incorporate these instruments into the dance was to add another beat so then the â€Å"imitated bird or animals, could be shared† (Chee, 2012). It is known that â€Å"songs and dance were exchanged often at large ceremonial gatherings† (Atkinson, 2008). Often, the indigenous culture would perform to a higher standard to please the guest tribe or to please the elders or spirits (Atkinson, 2008). Throughout these dancers, the elders would come together and analyse the performance and judge this event either themselves, by a spirit or by the tribes. These tribes would be respectful in the decision and teach the â€Å"winning† tribe the dance that they had won or traded. Music: Music is an important aspect of the Indigenous culture as they use it as inspiration for a painting, the background noise for a tribal chant and for ceremonial reasons. The music that is most commonly heard is the didgeridoo. Th didgeridoo creates a sound when you use your mouth, lips, nose and cheeks. Smitz (2005) states that the didgeridoo is a musical instrument used for the conducting of ceremonies, â€Å"however,the didgeridoo is played by a man and it women at ceremonies† (Smitz, 2005). This means that at ceremonies, the didgeridoo should only be played by men and not women. However, music was to be listened, and play by men, women and children. It was used to create tribe chants, musical backgrounds for a story Music was also used by both men’s and women to create a tribe chants, musical backgrounds for elder stories and for religious purposes. The music brings an important part of the culture to a tip. The didgeridoo is the main component to completing the music for any Indigenous piece of music. When ceremonies occur, there is tradintionally one song and two piece of music because the tribes need to appreciate the elder or elders. The song is the next step bringing the tribe or tribes together through the tribes ceremonial song or chant. This is normally done towards the start of the ceremonies (Atkinson, 2008). Summarise: To summarise, art, music and danced are important aspects of the indigenous culture. The art that is created by the Indigenous Australians tells a story. These stories are about the past, present and future. Dance is used to intimidate animals or other people to tells us a story and when music is played, it’s normally the didgeridoo whether its for ceremonial reasons or for other purposes. Conflicting modification on 13 March 2013 7:35:01 AM: Describe: Imaginative, artistic, captivating and breathe taking are a few words to describe the true beauty of Indigenous Australian art, music and dance. These three aspects of the Indigenous culture are also part of the Torres Strait Island culture who â€Å"together make up 2. 4% of the Australian population† (Macklin, 2004). These people express their personal experiences and the Indigenous Australian history through art work, dance and song. For example, an art piece may be about the creation of the land. Music can interpret the sounds of the animals or the hunters and the dance be interpreted to the stealing of their children through the stolen generation period. Examine: Art: Art is an important part of the Indigenous culture as it has been passed on for generations. It is an important part of the culture because its emphasised on certain aspects on their history. For example, the dot paintings have been part of the Indigenous Australians paintings history for thousands of years (Atkinson, 2008). Also, we must take into consideration that Indigenous Australian â€Å"art is the oldest ongoing tradition of art in the world†(Clarity Communications, 2007). Thus making their art a treausred part of Autsralian culture. Other paintings that we see are rock carvings, body painting when the Indigenous people would have a ceremonies. All these art forms date back more than 30,000years (Clarity Communications, 2007). The art work today is produced in a different variety but each piece of art work still shows the importance, diversity and richness of the Indigenous culture. Different art works can tell different stories. These stories could be about the stolen generation, the hunting, the land dying, the white people settling, the death of and elder or a close relative and the journey through an elders eyes. Elders used dot paintings and other paintings such as mimi art which is an art about animals, humans and are normally stick figures have no flesh. There is also x-ray art, a traditional style of art that is shown through the fragile bone and showing the flesh inside the body. Rock art is another type of Indigenous art as it one of the most common styles (Banakeem, 2012). It is done by carving the painting or â€Å"figures† into the rock or wall. Body art is also a form of Indigenous art as â€Å"body painting is passed out within strict conventions that are primarily connected to spiritual matters†(Banakeem, 2012). This piece of art work dates back to the early 20thCenturary and we can analyse what this picture could mean by viewing the following keys; Below are the keys; Meeting place Tavel Message Communities Man Woman We are looking st these key features because in groups of 3 or 4, you are to draw a piece of indigenous art using the keys on the PowerPoint. Remeber e h symbol you ise must create a story. You are to tell a story. As you can see, the making of the art can be fun but its never an easy task. As we have supplied you with the materials, the art was gathered from clay or orches. In saying this, we can still enjoy the rich culture of our paintings, the Indigenous paintings. Dance: Dance was formed by the earliest Indigenous Australians and has been past down from many generations (Smitz, 2005). Dance is important to us now as we can look at different ways to move, tell a story and be told a story. The movements vary compared to the movements we see in ballet, jazz or hip hop. The movements aren’t necessarily the jumping around and crawling on the floor- they include their instruments as well. This gathers in the: Hollow log drum Sticks Slap sticks Skin drum These styles of movement include some of the musical instruments such as the the slap sticks, which are boomerangs being hit together, skin drums which is using your own body to make a sound, hollow log drums which are a drummed shaped and sticks which are used to hit against the body or can be used to hit against a hard object, for example, a tree or a rock (Smitz, 2005). To incorporate these instruments into the dance was to add another beat so then the â€Å"imitated bird or animals, could be shared† (Chee, 2012). It is known that â€Å"songs and dance were exchanged often at large ceremonial gatherings† (Atkinson, 2008). Often, the indigenous culture would perform to a higher standard to please the guest tribe or to please the elders or spirits (Atkinson, 2008). Throughout these dancers, the elders would come together and analyse the performance and judge this event either themselves, by a spirit or by the tribes. These tribes would be respectful in the decision and teach the â€Å"winning† tribe the dance that they had won or traded. Music: Music is an important aspect of the Indigenous culture as they use it as inspiration for a painting, the background noise for a tribal chant and for ceremonial reasons. The music that is most commonly heard is the didgeridoo. Th didgeridoo creates a sound when you use your mouth, lips, nose and cheeks. Smitz (2005) states that the didgeridoo is a musical instrument used for the conducting of ceremonies, â€Å"however,the didgeridoo is played by a man and it women at ceremonies† (Smitz, 2005). This means that at ceremonies, the didgeridoo should only be played by men and not women. However, music was to be listened, and play by men, women and children. It was used to create tribe chants, musical backgrounds for a story Music was also used by both men’s and women to create a tribe chants, musical backgrounds for elder stories and for religious purposes. The music brings an important part of the culture to a tip. The didgeridoo is the main component to completing the music for any Indigenous piece of music. When ceremonies occur, there is tradintionally one song and two piece of music because the tribes need to appreciate the elder or elders. The song is the next step bringing the tribe or tribes together through the tribes ceremonial song or chant. This is normally done towards the start of the ceremonies (Atkinson, 2008). Summarise: To summarise, art, music and danced are important aspects of the indigenous culture. The art that is created by the Indigenous Australians tells a story. These stories are about the past, present and future. Music is part.

The Issues Of Equity And Diversity Essay - 2555 Words

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I believe for those that will be going into that field, they have a unique opportunity to ch ange lives in a way that they may never fully realize and that’s awesome. However, I have been given my own challenge and opportunity as I make my way into the field of ministry. More specifically, being a pastor. Although I will have a different platform, I truly believe that I can make a big difference as well. Throughout the course of this paper I plan to show the things that I have learned in this course and can take into my professional space, how I specifically plan to do that, as well as what I stillShow MoreRelatedDiversity And Public Administration By Harvery L. White And Mitchell F. Rice967 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the book entitled, Diversity and Public Administration: by Harvery L. White and Mitchell F. 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Questioning the Meaning of Life Essay - 1972 Words

`Where did we come from?, `Why are we here?, `Where are we going?. These are questions which surface, centre stage, at some point in most peoples lives. For philosophers, and others, they constitute the core problem known traditionally as the Meaning of Life. It might be thought that the first task in considering the question of the `Meaning of Life is to define the key terms: `Life and `Meaning. However, the meanings of `Meaning are many; and `Life itself could be seen as not so much a separate entity, but rather, the totality of those meanings to which I have alluded. Anyway, I shall take `Life in this context to mean HUMAN life, and the meaning of this life as, specifically, the condition of our existence so far as we bring†¦show more content†¦Sometimes it is taken as equivalent to `the value of life, or that in virtue of which life is worth living. It may also be taken to refer to the nature of the human condition - how it is with us, how we FEEL about life. 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A Slothful, Gluttonous, and Patronizing Character in A...

A Confederacy of Dunces – written by John Kennedy Toole – took place during the early 1960s in New Orleans. In A Confederacy of Dunces, Ignatius J. Reilly, the main character of the book, acquired two jobs after his mother had gotten into an accident. He worked at Levy Pants and as a hot dog vendor to make money to help his mother pay for the damages caused by her accident. Ignatius is the following: slothful, gluttonous, and patronizing. Ignatius is a slothful human being. After his mother found out that she owed a lot of money for the damages caused by her accident, she told Ignatius that he would need to get a job to help her pay. He thought it was inconceivable that his mother wanted him to get a job. Ignatius is too slothful to get a†¦show more content†¦Nut and bakery cakes (263). Ignatius is a patronizing human being. When Ignatius was standing underneath the clock of the D. H. Holmes department store, he was looking down upon other people standing near him. He observed the new and expensive outfits of the people, which he thought could be considered offenses against taste and decency. He believed that anything new or expensive reflected a person’s lack of theology and geometry (1). When Ignatius was gathering all of the factory workers to prepare them for the riot, he patronized them. The factory workers started to complain about all of his requests. Ignatius responded to their complaining saying that they are not deserving of the cause and that they are not prepared to make any sacrifices (137). Ignatius’s mother wanted to read the letter that Mr. Levy had brought to their house when he wanted to ask Ignatius if he had written it. Ignatius told Mr. Levy to not let her read the letter because it would confuse her for days (367). Ignatius is indeed a slothful, gluttonous, and patronizing man. These qualities are seen constantly throughout the entire book. His own mother began to consider putting him in the psychiatric ward at Charity because she could not deal with him. Santa Battaglia, a friend of Mrs. Reilly, even pushed for Mrs. Reilly to put Ignatius in the psychiatric ward. Miss Annie, the

The impact of a Christian Worldview in the family Essay Example For Students

The impact of a Christian Worldview in the family Essay life Outline Introduction I. The Christian Worldview. II. Living the Christian Worldview in the Family Life. Conclusion Introduction: Do we have a narrow view of the Christian faith? Many see it as simply a personal relationship with God, a commitment to Sunday services, Wednesday evening Bible study, and a little witnessing. Those are all good activitiesas far as they go. But Christians need to realize that every decision they make reflects their core values. So choices about voting, budgeting, marriage, movies, and heroes are all philosophical issues. Christians who dont have a distinctively Christian philosophya view of the world informed by biblical truthwill easily be suckered into living by the worlds philosophies. This is why church pews may be full on Sundays, but secular values dominate our culture. It is time for Christians to put away childish thinking and boldly confront the world with the message of Christ. I. The Christian Worldview. Each of us lives in a physical, economic, and social environment largely not of our making. Even so, we form part of our environment, and in visible and important ways we are formed by it. Furthermore, beyond our immediate surroundings lie urban, national, continental, and international cultures that also shape us. We can no more avoid participating in our surrounding cultures than we can avoid life itself. It is neither practical nor Christian to attempt to escape the major social structures in which human life occurs. God created the world; He is not its enemy. Christians believe God also ordained the primary orders of life, including family, government, community, human productivity, gainful employment, and commercial exchange. All of us come to know ourselves as participants in such structures even though they differ in particulars from one culture to another. If the creation is good, as the Bible declares, then so are the primary social structures that help make human life possible. A worldview is simply the lens through which we see and assess the whole of human culture and our place in it. It is one of the major devices by which we navigate life. Culture means the complex network of institutions, values, habits, tools, arts, and livelihoods that we create in community and that in turn shape us. Cultures are noticeably affected by their places in history and by their physical, spatial, technological, intellectual, and religious locations. Our worldview is strongly influenced by our place in a particular culture. Everyone has a world view. It is not only a human prerogative, but a human necessity. Usually we arent even conscious of our worldview(s). Like corrective lenses, they are transparent unless called to our attention or until we venture into a culture marked by another worldview. Even then, the ;strangeness; of the other worldview likely will impress us most. Developing a Christian worldview means coming to see the whole world through the eyes of the resurrected Lord, who has judged the powers of darkness and who is even now making all things new. Seeing this world as the scene of a new creation, Paul said, is possible only after one has experienced the new creation in ones self (2 Corinthians 5:14-21) . Only after the gospels complete degree has seized us, only after we understand that in Christ the Name of God is being declared in all the earth, can we understand and develop a Christian worldview. A Christian worldview leads to a new way of seeing and doing and it derives from a new way of being. Developing a Christian worldview requires that we submit all of lifes dimensions-individual and group, natural and technological, secular and sacred-to examination and reformation by the resurrected Christ (1 Corinthians 15:20-28) . Anyone not committed to comprehensive transformation should pay another visit to the meaning of discipleship. The Christian worldview is the truth from Christs point of view, informed by His prerogatives, not our feelings or experience. This is the truth that, when known, will set us free. Whether a person is Christian or not, he must acknowledge that the Bible describes a comprehensive perspective of life and the world. .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4 , .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4 .postImageUrl , .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4 , .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4:hover , .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4:visited , .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4:active { border:0!important; } .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4:active , .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4 .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65b20c5395ecce846888ed0ba46607f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hawthorne Essay We must have a firm conviction that ;the earth is the Lords and the fullness thereof (Psalm 24:1) . Is this world .

Three Georges Dam Essays - Yangtze River, Three Gorges Dam, Yichang

Three Georges Dam The United States, China and the Three Gorges Dam: Toward A Sounder Foreign Environmental Policy Yumiko Kojima, Kyoko Murai, Howard Pang, and Elena Vitale The Three Gorges Dam project on Chinas Yangzi River is the worlds largest hydroelectric undertaking. While Chinese leaders say the dam will improve river navigation, prevent periodic flooding, and provide the needed electricity for Chinas growing economy, many doubt that the dam will be able to meet the proponents claims and instead point to evidence of environmental catastrophe if it is built. Under pressure from NGOs, the Clinton Administration has opposed the provision of competitive export financing for the dam. This decision sparked criticism from U.S. executives who argue that by not participating the United States is losing jobs and the opportunity to mitigate the negative aspects of the dam. This paper argues that the U.S. position was justified. As part of a consistent and credible environmental policy to promote sustainable development, the United States should integrate environmental guidelines into its commercial diplomacy. U.S. policy towards China should provide support for prudent environmental policies as well as environmental technology transfers, both to foster environmentalism and advance U.S. commercial interests. Introduction Construction of the Three Gorges Dam on Chinas Yangzi River began in earnest in late November 1997, perhaps marking the end of almost 15 years of debate on the project among American policymakers. However, the case highlights a key dilemma in U.S. foreign policy-making that is likely to remain for years to come: how to balance U.S. commercial interests with environmental concerns. Though lauded by environmentalists, the Export-Import (Ex-Im) Banks decision not to provide financing for U.S. equipment suppliers vying for dam-related contracts has been criticized roundly by American corporations. They claim the policy hampers their efforts to break into the lucrative Chinese market. The prospect of similar potentially destructive megadams being proposed in other emerging economies means that U.S. policy on the Three Gorges Dam sets a precedent that will either aid or hamper American efforts to promote sounder environmental policies abroad. This paper will examine the Ex-Im Banks decision and its implications for U.S. foreign environmental policy. To this end, it will first outline the rationales behind support for and opposition to the project, including an evaluation of the net environmental impact of the dam. The following section will consider several issues raised by the case in order to assess the merits of the U.S. governments stance. The paper concludes with some recommendations for a more credible and consistent U.S. foreign environmental policy. Background The concept of the Three Gorges Dam is over 75 years old, dating back to when it was first proposed by the nationalist leader Sun Yat-Sen, in 1919. The dam was a dream of communist leader Mao Zedong, who felt it would be a potent symbol of Chinas self-sufficiency and ability to develop without western aid. In 1992, Chinese leaders officially announced plans to harness the rivers power by constructing the worlds largest hydroelectric dam only after communist leaders managed to silence opposition and pushed the plan through the National Peoples Congress. The Three Gorges refers to a 120-mile stretch of limestone cliffs along the upper reaches of the Yangzi River where the water drops precipitously through the Qutang, Wu, and Xiling gorges. The region is linked to folklore and important historical events, and its beauty has inspired Chinese painters and classical poets such as Li Bai for centuries. Since the dams approval, however, the project has met with significant opposition, both domestic and international, as human rights groups, environmentalists, and historians decry the extraordinary costs the dam will incur. The dam, which will be 1.3 miles long and 610 feet high, is expected to be completed by 2009. It will create a 385 mile-long reservoir stretching back up the river that will totally engulf the Three Gorges, as well as 115,000 acres of rich farmland, thirteen cities, hundreds of villages, and countless historic temples and archeological sites. Between 1.4 and 1.9 million people will need to be resettled. The project poses significant ecological dangers, technical challenges, and human rights issues and has raised questions about the rights of other industrialized nations to intervene in Chinese internal affairs. It is the largest, most expensive, and